![]() ![]() 2007 Yonelinas and Jacoby 1994 Yonelinas 2001, 2002 Yonelinas and Parks 2007 Yonelinas et al. The receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC) analysis in humans has shown two different components in human recognition memory: a symmetrical and curvilinear component associated with familiarity, and an asymmetrical and linear component related to recollection ( Parks and Yonelinas 2007 Eichenbaum et al. Accordingly, recollection versus familiarity is often characterized as remembering versus knowing. ![]() 2014 Parks and Yonelinas 2007 Scalici et al. By contrast, familiarity is simply a feeling of the item/object has been encountered and generates a feeling of familiarity or knowing but without too much details ( Dede et al. For instance, recollection of an item/object may prompt retrieval of information about when and where one was when one encountered the item/object, what one was doing, thinking or feeling, as well as the surrounding environments. In recollection, if the item/object is judged as being encountered previously, the related contextual information about the item/object can be recalled with more details. Whereas animals can clearly judge relative familiarity of stimuli, the issue of whether animals can ‘recollect’ discrimination per se has been a more contentious issue.ĭual-process signal detection (DPSD) theory suggests recognition memory may draw upon two processes, commonly referred to as familiarity and recollection ( Dede et al. As familiarity is often considered as an automatic process ( Jacoby 1991), animals may just rely on familiarity of studies images to solve recognition tests. As in both tasks, studied images will be represented in the test phase, animals may make use of familiarity to differentiate studied and unstudied images. By manipulating the length of delay between sample and test images, which is often varied within an experiment to test for delay-dependent deficits that might index memory processes and/or by increasing the number of items to be remembered, the difficulty and cognitive demands on both tasks increase. ![]() the ‘match’) in DMS task while animals should choose the picture different from the sample (i.e. Both tasks are initiated by requiring animals to view the sample picture (or as occurred in many earlier studies, by presenting real objects briefly to animals in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus), and then after a delay in which no stimuli are presented on the screen, typically two choice pictures are presented in which animals should select the stimulus seen earlier as sample (i.e. The delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) and delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) tasks of recognition memory have been used extensively in animal models. Recognition memory, a form of declarative memory according to some authors ( Squire and Zola-Morgan 1991), allows us to make judgements as to the prior occurrence of stimuli based on previous encounters. Hence we argue that the FF/SR approach, procedurally easier in animals, can be used as a decent proxy to investigate these two recognition processes in future animal studies, important given that scant data exists as to the neural basis underlying recollection yet many of the most informative techniques primarily exist in animal models. We then verified, using ROC-derived indices for each time-bin in the FF/SR profile, that the ROC and FF/DR measures are related. We first show that the FF/SR dissociation exists in this task in human participants and then we demonstrate a similar profile in NHPs which suggests that FF/SR processes are comparable across species. Therefore in this study a broadly similar recognition memory task was exploited in both humans and NHPs to investigate the time course of the two recognition processes. The relative utility of these methods to investigate familiarity and recollection/recollection-like processes across species is uncertain indeed, even how comparable the FF/SR measures are across humans and NHPs remains unclear. The relative contribution to recognition memory are commonly distinguished in humans by analyzing receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC) curves analogous methods are more complex and very rare in animals but fast familiarity and slow recollective-like processes (FF/SR) have been detected in non-human primates (NHPs) based on analyzing recognition error response time profiles. According to dual-process theory, recognition memory performance draws upon two processes, familiarity and recollection. ![]()
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